Quantifying wildlife disturbance response

How can we quantify the costs incurred by wild animals responding to anthropogenic disturbances? Declining population sizes of moose, a keystone species in boreal ecosystems, warrant a better understanding of disturbance responses in areas affected by climatic changes and expanding human influence. I illustrate the use of biologgers to quantify changes in the behavior and energy expenditure of wild moose during experimental disturbances. This approach improves our understanding of costs incurred by individuals as first step towards predicting population-level consequences of anthropogenic disturbances.